SCROLL

Scrolls through lists

Syntax

SCROLL LIST FORWARD|BACKWARD [INDEX <idx>].

SCROLL LIST TO FIRST PAGE|LAST PAGE|PAGE <pag>
[INDEX <idx>] [LINE <lin>].

SCROLL LIST LEFT|RIGHT [BY <n> PLACES] [INDEX <idx>].

SCROLL LIST TO COLUMN <col> [INDEX <idx>].

Positions the current list or the list level <idx> in accordance with the additions specified. You can scroll by window, page, columns, or to the left- or right-hand edge of the list.

SEARCH

Searches for strings.

Syntax

SEARCH <f>|<itab> FOR <g> [ABBREVIATED]
[STARTING AT <n1>]
[ENDING AT <n2>]
[AND MARK]
[IN BYTE MODE|IN CHARACTER MODE].

Searches the field <f> or table <itab> for the string in the field <g>. The result is stored in SY-FDPOS. The additions let you hide intermediate characters, search from and to a particular position, and convert the found string into uppercase. In Unicode programs, you must specify whether the statement is a character or byte operation, using the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE (default) additions.

SELECT

Reads data from the database.

Syntax

SELECT <result>
INTO <target>
FROM <source>
[WHERE <condition>]
[GROUP BY <fields>]
[HAVING <cond>]
[ORDER BY <fields>].

The SELECT statement consists of a series of clauses, each of which fulfils a certain task:

SELECT clause

Defines the structure of the selection.

Syntax

SELECT [SINGLE]|[DISTINCT]
* | <s_i> [AS <a _i>]… <agg>( [DISTINCT] <s _j>) [AS <a _j>]…

The selection can be one line, SINGLE, or several lines. You can eliminate duplicate lines using the DISTINCT addition. To select the entire line, use *, otherwise, you can specify individual columns <s_i>. For individual columns, you can use aggregate functions <agg>, and assign alternative column names <a _i>.

INTO clause

Defines the target area into which the selection from the SELECT clause is written.

Syntax

…  INTO [CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF] <wa>
| INTO|APPENDING [CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF] TABLE <itab>
[PACKAGE SIZE <n>]
| INTO (<f₁>, <f ₂>,…)

The target area can be a flat work area <wa>, an internal table <itab>, or a list of fields <f_i>. If you use the CORRESPONDING FIELDS addition, data is only selected if there is an identically-named field in the target area. If you use APPENDING instead of INTO, the data is appended to an internal table instead of overwriting the existing contents. PACKAGE SIZE allows you to overwrite or extend the internal table in a series of packages.The data type of the target area must be appropriate for the selection in the SELECT clause.

FROM clause

The FROM clause determines the database tables from which the data specified in the SELECT clause is read.

Syntax

… FROM [<tab> [INNER]|LEFT [OUTER] JOIN] <dbtab> [AS <alias>]
[ON <cond>]
[CLIENT SPECIFIED]
[BYPASSING BUFFER]
[UP TO <n> ROWS]

You can read both single fields and groups of fields. You link several tables using inner and outer joins to link tables with conditions <cond>, where <tab> is a single table or itself a join condition. The names of database tables may be specified statically or dynamically, and you can use alias names. You can bypass automatic client handling with the CLIENT SPECIFIED addition, and SAP buffering with BYPASSING BUFFER. You can also restrict the number of lines read from the table using the UP TO <n> ROWS addition.

WHERE clause

Restricts the number of lines selected.

Syntax

… [FOR ALL ENTRIES IN <itab>] WHERE <cond>

The condition <cond> may contain one or more comparisons, tests for belonging to intervals, value list checks, subqueries, selection table queries or null value checks, all linked with AND, OR, and NOT. If you use the FOR ALL ENTRIES addition, the condition <cond> is checked for each line of the internal table <itab> as long as <cond> contains a field of the internal table as an operand. For each line of the internal table, the system selects the lines from the database table that satisfy the condition. The result set is the union of the individual selections resulting from each line.

GROUP BY clause

Groups lines in the selection.

Syntax

… GROUP BY <s₁> <s ₂>

Groups lines with the same contents in the specified columns. Uses aggregate functions for all other columns in each group. All columns of the SELECT clause that are not listed in the GROUP BY clause must be included in aggregate functions.

HAVING clause

Restricts the number of line groups selected.

Syntax

… HAVING <cond>

Like the WHERE clause, but can only be used in conjunction with a GROUP BY clause. The HAVING clause uses conditions to restrict the number of groups selected.

ORDER BY clause

Sorts the lines of the selection.

Syntax

… ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY |… <s_i> [ASCENDING|DESCENDING]…

Sorts the selection in ascending or descending order according to the primary key or the contents of the fields listed.

SELECT-OPTIONS

Declares selection criteria for a selection screen.

Syntax

SELECT-OPTIONS <sel> FOR <f>
[DEFAULT <g> [to <h>] [OPTION <op>] SIGN <s>]
[MEMORY ID <pid>]
[LOWER CASE]
[OBLIGATORY]
[NO-DISPLAY]
[MODIF ID <key>]
[NO-EXTENSION]
[NO INTERVALS]
[NO DATABASE SELECTION].

Declares a selection table <sel> for the field <f>. For <sel>, places input fields on the corresponding selection screen. The additions allow you to set a default value, accept input in lowercase, define a required field, suppress or modify the display on the selection screen, restrict the selection table to a line or a selection to a single field, or prevent input from being passed to a logical database.

SELECTION-SCREEN for Selection Screen Formatting

Formats selection screens

Syntax

SELECTION-SCREEN SKIP [<n>].

SELECTION-SCREEN ULINE [[/]<pos(len)>] [MODIF ID <key>].

SELECTION-SCREEN COMMENT [/]<pos(len)> <comm> [FOR FIELD <f>]
[MODIF ID <key>].

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF LINE.
…
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF LINE.

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF BLOCK <block>
[WITH FRAME [TITLE <titel>]]
[NO INTERVALS].
…
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK <block>.

SELECTION-SCREEN FUNCTION KEY <i>.

SELECTION SCREEN PUSHBUTTON [/]<pos(len)> <push>
USER-COMMAND <ucom> [MODIF ID <key>].

Allows you to insert blank lines, lines and comments, group input fields together in lines and blocks, and create pushbuttons.

SELECTION-SCREEN for Selection Screen Definition

Defines selection screens.

Syntax

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF <numb> [TITLE <tit>] [AS WINDOW].
…
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF <numb>.

Defines a selection screen with screen number <numb>. All PARAMETERS, SELECT-OPTIONS, and SELECTION-SCREEN statements that occur between these two statements define the input fields and the formatting of this selection screen. The TITLE <title> addition allows you to define a title for a selection screen. You can use the AS WINDOW addition to call a selection screen as a modal dialog box.

SELECTION-SCREEN for Selection Screen Versions

Defines selection screen versions.

Syntax

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF VERSION <dynnr>
…
SELECTION-SCREEN EXCLUDE <f>.
…
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF VERSION <dynnr>.

Only occurs in logical databases. Hides fields that otherwise appear on the standard selection screen.

SELECTION-SCREEN for Logical Databases

Provides special functions.

Syntax

SELECTION-SCREEN DYNAMIC SELECTIONS | FIELD SELECTION
FOR NODE|TABLE <node>.

Only occurs in logical databases. Declares a node as accepting dynamic selections or field selections.

SET BIT

Sets individual bits.

Syntax

SET BIT <n> OF <f> [TO <b>].

This statement sets the bit at position <n> of the hexadecimal field <f> to 1 (or to the value of field <b>). The field <b> must contain the value 0 or 1.

SET BLANK LINES

Allows blank lines in lists.

Syntax

SET BLANK LINES ON|OFF.

Prevents blank lines created in WRITE statements from being suppressed in list output.

SET COUNTRY

Sets output Formats

Syntax

SET COUNTRY <c>.

Sets the output formats for numeric and date fields for the country with the ID <c>.

SET CURSOR

Sets the cursor on the screen.

Syntax

SET CURSOR FIELD <f> [OFFSET <off>]
[LINE <lin>].

SET CURSOR LINE <lin> [OFFSET <off>].

SET CURSOR <col> <line>.

Sets the cursor either to a particular position in a field, line, or column of a line.

SET DATASET

Syntax

SET DATASET <dsn> [POSITIONS <pos> | END-OF_FILE]
[ATTRIBUTE <attr>].

Changes the attributes of a file opened using OPEN DATASET. The POSITIONS addition sets the current read/write position to the value in the field <pos> or to the end of the file. The ATTRIBUTE addition passes the attributes to the file in a structure, <attr>, of the type DSET_ATTRIBUTES.

SET EXTENDED CHECK

Affects the extended program check.

Syntax

SET EXTENDED CHECK ON|OFF.

Switches the extended program check (SLIN) on or off, suppressing the corresponding messages.

SET HANDLER

Registers event handlers in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

SET HANDLER… <h_i>… [FOR <ref>|FOR ALL INSTANCES].

If you do not use the FOR addition, the handler is set for all static events. Use the FOR addition to register handlers for instance events.

SET HOLD DATA

Sets a screen attribute.

Syntax

SET HOLD DATA ON|OFF.

Sets the screen attribute “Hold data” from the program.

SET LANGUAGE

Sets the display language.

Syntax

SET LANGUAGE <lg>.

All text symbols are refreshed with the contents of the text pool in language <lg>.

SET LEFT SCROLL BOUNDARY

Sets the left boundary for horizontal scrolling.

Syntax

SET LEFT SCROLL-BOUNDARY [COLUMN <col>].

Sets the current output position or the position <col> as the left-hand edge of the scrollable area on the current list page.

SET LOCALE LANGUAGE

Sets the current text environment.

Syntax

SET LOCALE LANGUAGE <lg> [COUNTRY <c>] [MODIFIER <m>].

Sets the text environment for alphabetical sorting according to the language <lg>, country <c>, and any further modifier <m>.

SET MARGIN

Sets the margin of a print page.

SET MARGIN <x> [<y>].

Sends the current list page to the spool system with a margin of <x> columns from the left-hand edge and <y> rows from the top edge of the page.

SET PARAMETER

Sets an SPA/GPA parameters

Syntax

SET PARAMETER ID <pid> FIELD <f>.

Writes the value of the field to the SPA/GPA parameter <pid> in the user-specific SAP memory.

SET PF-STATUS

Sets the GUI status

Syntax

SET PF-STATUS <stat> [EXCLUDING <f>|<itab>]
[IMMEDIATELY] [OF PROGRAM <prog>].

Sets the GUI status <stat> for the subsequent screens. The EXCLUDING addition allows you to deactivate functions dynamically. The IMMEDIATELY addition sets the GUI status of the list currently displayed. The OF PROGRAM addition allows you to use a GUI status from another program.

SET PROPERTY

Sets a property of an OLE2 Automation object.

Syntax

GET PROPERTY OF <obj> <p> = <f>.

Sets the property <p> of an external OLE2 Automation object to <f>.

SET RUN TIME ANALYZER

Controls runtime analysis.

Syntax

SET RUN TIME ANALYZER ON|OFF.

The runtime analysis only measures the runtime of the statements in the block between SET RUN TIME ANALYZER ON and OFF.

SET RUN TIME CLOCK

Controls runtime analysis.

Syntax

SET RUN TIME CLOCK RESOLUTION HIGH|LOW.

Sets the accuracy of the runtime to low accuracy with long measurement interval or high accuracy with shorter measurement interval.

SET SCREEN

Sets the next screen.

Syntax

SET SCREEN <scr>.

Temporarily overwrites the statically-defined next screen with <scr>. <scr> is processed after the current screen.

SET TITLEBAR

Sets the screen title.

Syntax

SET TITLEBAR <tit> [OF PROGRAM <prog>] [WITH <g1 >... <g9>].

Sets the title <tit> for the subsequent screens. The OF PROGRAM addition allows you to use a title from another program. The WITH addition fills any placeholders in the title.

SET UPDATE TASK LOCAL

Switches on local update.

Syntax

SET UPDATE TASK LOCAL.

Updates are processed in the current work process.

SET USER-COMMAND

Triggers a list event.

Syntax

SET USER-COMMAND <fc>.

Triggers a list event with the function code <fc> and calls the corresponding event block.

SHIFT

Shifts strings.

Syntax

SHIFT <c> [BY <n> PLACES] [LEFT|RIGHT|CIRCULAR]
[IN BYTE MODE|IN CHARACTER MODE].

Shifts the field <c> by one or <n> places. The additions allow you to specify the direction, and how the empty spaces are dealt with. In Unicode programs, you must specify whether the statement is a character or byte operation, using the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE (default) additions.

SKIP for Blank Lines

Generates blank lines in the display list.

Syntax

SKIP [<n>].

The system writes <n> blank lines into the current list, starting at the current line. If no value is specified for <n>, one blank line is output.

SKIP for Positioning

Absolute position of the display in a list.

Syntax

SKIP TO LINE <lin>.

Positions the list display in the line <col>.

SORT for Extracts

Sorts an extract dataset.

Syntax

SORT [ASCENDING|DESCENDING] [AS TEXT] [STABLE]
… BY <f_i> [ASCENDING|DESCENDING] [AS TEXT]…

Ends the creation of the extract dataset of a program and, at the same time, sorts its records. Without the BY option, the system sorts the dataset by the key specified in the HEADER field group. You can define a different sort key by using the BY addition. The other additions specify whether you want to sort in ascending or descending order, and whether strings should be sorted alphabetically.

SORT for Internal Tables

Sorts internal tables.

Syntax

SORT <itab> [ASCENDING|DESCENDING] [AS TEXT] [STABLE]
… BY <f_i> [ASCENDING|DESCENDING] [AS TEXT]…

Sorts the internal table <itab>. If you omit the BY addition, the table is sorted by its key. You can define a different sort key by using the BY addition. The other additions specify whether you want to sort in ascending or descending order, and whether strings should be sorted alphabetically.

SPLIT

Splits a string.

Syntax

SPLIT <c> AT <del> INTO <c1>… <cn> INTO TABLE <itab>
[IN BYTE MODE|IN CHARACTER MODE].

This statement searches the character field <c> for delimiter strings <del> and the parts before and after the delimiters are placed in the target fields <c1> …> … <cn>, or into a new line of the internal table <itab>. In Unicode programs, you must specify whether the statement is a character or byte operation, using the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE (default) additions.

START-OF-SELECTION

Event keywords for defining event blocks for reporting events.

Syntax

START-OF-SELECTION.

After the selection screen has been processed, the runtime environment triggers the LOAD-OF-PROGRAM event, and the corresponding event block is executed.

STATICS

Defines static variables.

Syntax

STATICS <f>…

Like DATA. Retains the value of a local variable beyond the runtime of the procedure in which it occurs.

STOP

Leaves a reporting event.

Syntax

STOP.

Only occurs in event blocks for reporting events. Leaves the event block and goes to the END-OF-SELECTION block.

SUBMIT

Calls an executable program of type 1.

Syntax

SUBMIT <rep> [AND RETURN] [VIA SELECTION-SCREEN]
[USING SELECTION-SET <var>]
[WITH <sel> <criterion>]
[WITH FREE SELECTIONS <freesel>]
[WITH SELECTION-TABLE <rspar>]
[LINE-SIZE <width>]
[LINE-COUNT <length>].

Calls the program <rep>. If you omit the AND RETURN addition, the current program is terminated. Otherwise, the data from the current program is retained, and processing returns to the calling program when <rep> has finished running. The other additions control the selection screen and set attributes of the default list in the called program.

SUBTRACT for single fields

Subtracts two single fields.

Syntax

SUBTRACT <n> FROM <m>.

The contents of <n> are subtracted from the contents of <m> and the results are stored in <m>. This is equivalent to: <m> = <m> – <n>.

SUBTRACT-CORRESPONDING

Subtracts components of structures.

Syntax

SUBTRACT-CORRESPONDING <struc1> FROM <struc2>.

All the subfields of the structures <struc1> and <struc2> having the same name are subtracted and the results are stored in <struc2>.

SUM

Calculates sums of groups.

Syntax

SUM.

Only occurs in loops through internal tables. Calculates the sums of the numeric fields in all lines of the current control level and writes the results to the corresponding fields in the work area.

SUPPLY

Fills context instances with values.

Syntax

SUPPLY <key₁> = <f ₁>… <key _n> = <f _n> TO CONTEXT <inst>.

Fills the key fields <key_n> of the context instance <inst> with the values <f _n>.

SUPPRESS DIALOG

Prevents the current screen from being displayed.

Syntax

SUPPRESS DIALOG.

Can only occur in a PBO dialog module. The screen is not displayed, but its flow logic is still processed.

T

TABLES

Declares an interface work area.

Syntax

TABLES <dbtab>.

Declares a structure with the same data type and the same name as a database table, a view, or a structure from the ABAP Dictionary. Structures in main programs and subroutines declared using TABLES use a common data area.

TOP-OF-PAGE

Event keywords for defining event blocks for list events.

Syntax

TOP-OF-PAGE [DURING LINE-SELECTION].

Whenever a new page begins while a standard list is being created, the runtime environment triggers the TOP-OF-PAGE event and the corresponding event block is executed. The addition DURING LINE-SELECTION has the same function, but for detail lists.

TRANSFER

Writes to a file.

Syntax

TRANSFER <f> TO [LENGTH <len>].

Writes the field <f> to the file <dsn> on the application server. You can specify the length of the data you want to transfer using the LENGTH addition.

TRANSLATE

Converts characters to strings.

Syntax

TRANSLATE <c>  TO UPPER|LOWER CASE
|USING <r>.

The characters of the string <c> are converted into upper- or lowercase, or according to a substitution rule specified in <r>.

TRY

Introduces a TRY block.

Syntax

TRY.

Class-based exceptions can be handled using the CATCH statement, within the block ended with ENDTRY.

TYPE-POOL

Introduces a type group.

Syntax

TYPE-POOL <tpool>.

The first statement in a type group. This statement is not entered in the ABAP Editor, but is automatically generated by the Dictionary in the ABAP Workbench. A type group is an ABAP program that contains type definitions and constant declarations that can be used in several programs.

TYPE-POOLS

Declares the types and constants of a type group to a program.

Syntax

TYPE-POOLS <tpool>.

This statement allows you to use all the data types and constants defined in the type group <tpool> in your program.

TYPES for Single Field Types

Defines a single field type.

Syntax

TYPES <t>[(<length>)] [TYPE <type>|LIKE <obj>] [DECIMALS <dec>].

Defines the internal data type <t> in the program with length <len>, reference to the ABAP Dictionary type <type> or a data object <obj>, and, where appropriate, with <dec> decimal places.

Syntax

TYPES <t> TYPE REF TO <class>|<interface>.

Defines the internal data type <t> in the program with reference to the class <class> or the interface <interface>.

Syntax

TYPES <t> TYPE REF TO DATA|<type>.

Defines the internal data type <t> as a data reference to a data object.

TYPES for Complex Types

Defines complex types.

Syntax

TYPES: BEGIN OF <structure>,
…
<t_i>…,
…
END OF <structure>.

Combines the data types <t_i> to form the structure <structure>. You can address the individual components of a structure in a program using a hyphen between the structure name and the component name as follows: <structure>-<t _i>.

Syntax

TYPES <t> TYPE|LIKE <tabkind> OF <linetype> [WITH <key>].

Defines the local data type <t> in the program as an internal table with the access type <tabkind>, the line type <linetype>, and the key <key>.

Syntax

TYPES <t> TYPE|LIKE RANGE OF <type>|<obj>.

Defines the internal data type <t> as a RANGES table. A RANGES table has the same data type as a selection table, but is not linked to input fields on a selection screen.

U

ULINE

Places horizontal lines in the display list.

Syntax

ULINE [AT [/][<pos>][(<len>)]].

Without additions, creates a new line on the current list and fills it with a horizontal line. The additions allow you to insert a line break and specify the starting position and length of the line.

UNPACK

Converts type P variables to type C.

Syntax

UNPACK <f> TO <g>.

Unpacks the packed field <f> and places it in the string <g> with leading zeros. This can be reversed with the PACK statement.

UPDATE

Changes entries in database tables.

Syntax

UPDATE <dbtab> SET  <s_i> = <f>
|<s_i> = <s _i> + <f>
|<s_i> = <s _i> – <f> [WHERE <cond>].

The value in the column <s_i> is set to the value <f>, increases it by <f>, or decreases it by <f> for all lines selected. The WHERE clause specifies the lines that are changed. If you omit the WHERE clause, all lines are changed.

Syntax

UPDATE <dbtab> FROM <wa>.

UPDATE <dbtab> FROM TABLE <itab>.

This deletes the line that has the same primary key as the work area <wa>, or deletes all the lines in the database that have the same primary key as a line in the internal table <itab>. The work area <wa> or the lines of the internal table <itab> must have at least the same length and alignment as the lines of the database table.

W

WHEN

Introduces a statement block in a CASE control structure.

Syntax

WHEN <f₁> [OR <f ₂> OR...] | OTHERS.

The statement block following a WHEN statement is executed if the contents of the field <f> in the CASE statement are the same as those of one of the fields <f _i >. Afterwards, the program carries on processing after the ENDCASE statement. The statement block after WHEN OTHERS statement is executed if the contents of <f> does not equal any of the <f _i > contents.

WHILE

Introduces a loop.

Syntax

WHILE <logexp> [VARY <f> FROM <f1> NEXT <f2>].

Introduces a statement block that ends with ENDWHILE. The statement block between WHILE and ENDWHILE is repeated as long as the logical expression <logexp> is true, or until a termination statement such as EXIT or CHECK occurs. The VARY addition allows you to process fields the same distance apart in memory.

WINDOW

Displays a list as a modal dialog box.

Syntax

WINDOW STARTING AT <x1> <y1> [ENDING AT <x2> <y2>].

Only occurs in list processing. The current detail list is displayed as a modal dialog box. The top left-hand corner of the window is positioned at column <x1> and line <y1>. The bottom right-hand corner is positioned at column <x2> and line <y2> (if specified).

WRITE

Displays lists.

Syntax

WRITE [AT [/][<pos>][(<len>)]] <f> [AS CHECKBOX|SYMBOL|ICON|LINE]
[QUICKINFO <g>].
[<format>]

The contents of the field <f> are formatted according to their data type and displayed in the current list. . The additions before the field allow you to specify a line break, the starting position, and the length of the field. The additions after the field allow you to display checkboxes, symbols, icons, and lines. The <format> addition can contain various other formatting options. The QUICKINFO addition allows you to assign a tool tip <g> to the field.

WRITE TO

Assigns string values.

Syntax

WRITE <f1> TO <f2> [<format>].

Converts the contents of a data object <f1> to type C, and assigns the resulting string to the variable <f2>. You can use the same formatting options available in the WRITE statement

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LEAVE for Screens

Leaves a screen.

Syntax

LEAVE SCREEN.

Stops processing the current screen and calls the subsequent screen. The next screen can either be defined statically in the screen attributes or set dynamically using the SET SCREEN statement.

Syntax

LEAVE TO SCREEN <scr>.

Stops processing the current screen and calls the dynamically-defined subsequent screen <scr>*.

LEAVE for Lists During Screen Processing

Switches between screen and list processing.

Syntax

LEAVE TO LIST-PROCESSING [AND RETURN TO SCREEN <scr>].

Allows you to create and display a list while processing a series of screens. The addition allows you to specify the next screen (to which you return after the list has been displayed). If you do not use the addition, screen processing resumes with the PBO of the current screen

Syntax

LEAVE LIST-PROCESSING.

Allows you to switch back explicitly from list processing to screen processing.

LEAVE for Programs

Leaves an ABAP program.

Syntax

LEAVE [PROGRAM].

Stops processing the current program and returns to the point from which it was called.

Syntax

LEAVE TO TRANSACTION <tcod> [AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN].

This statement ends processing of the current program and starts a new transaction, <tcod>. The addition allows you to skip the initial screen of the transaction.

LOAD-OF-PROGRAM

Event keywords for defining event blocks for a program constructor.

Syntax

LOAD-OF-PROGRAM.

When an ABAP program is loaded in an internal session, the runtime environment triggers the LOAD-OF-PROGRAM event, and the corresponding event block is executed.

LOCAL

Protects global data against changes.

Syntax

LOCAL <f>.

Only occurs in subroutines. When the subroutine starts, the value of <f> is stored temporarily, and restored to the variable <f> at the end of the subroutine.

LOOP Through Extracts

Introduces a loop through an extract dataset.

Syntax

LOOP.

Loops through an extract dataset. The loop ends with an ENDLOOP statement. When the LOOP statement is executed, the system stops creating the extract dataset of the program, and starts a loop through the entries in the dataset. One record from the extract dataset is read in each loop pass. The values of the extracted fields are placed in the corresponding output fields of the field group within the loop.

LOOP THROUGH internal tables

Starts a loop through an extract dataset.

Syntax

LOOP AT <itab> INTO <wa> WHERE <logexp>.

LOOP AT <itab> ASSIGNING <FS> WHERE <logexp>.

LOOP AT <itab> REFERENCE INTO <dref> WHERE <logexp>.

LOOP AT <itab> TRANSPORTING NO FIELDS WHERE <logexp>.

Loop through any Internal Table The loop ends with an ENDLOOP statement. If the logical expression <logexp> is true, each loop pass either assigns the current line content to the work area <wa>; assigns the current line to a field symbol <FS>; creates a reference to the current line by <dref>; or does not assign the line content at all. The first operand in each part of <logexp> must be a component of the internal table. Pointed brackets are part of the syntax for field symbol names.

With index tables, you can use the additions FROM <n> and TO <n> to restrict the lines that are read by specifying an index range.

LOOP Through Screen Fields

Starts a loop through the table SCREEN.

Syntax

LOOP AT SCREEN…

Similar to a loop through an internal table. The system table SCREEN contains the names and attributes of all of the fields on the current screen.

M

MESSAGE

Displays a message.

Syntax

MESSAGE <xnnn> [WITH <f1>... <f4>] [RAISING <except>].

MESSAGE ID <mid> TYPE <x> NUMBER <nnn>.

MESSAGE <xnnn>(<mid>).

Displays the message <nnn> of message class <mid> as message type <x>. The message type specifies how the message is displayed, and how the program reacts. The WITH addition allows you to fill placeholders in the message text. The RAISING addition in function modules and methods allows you to terminate the procedure and trigger the exception <exception>.

MESSAGE <msg> TYPE <x>

This variant display a string, <msg>, directly as a message of the type <x>.

METHOD

Introduces the implementation of a method in a class.

Syntax

METHOD <meth>.

Only occurs in the implementation part of classes. Introduces a statement block that ends with ENDMETHOD. You do not have to specify any interface parameters, since these are defined in the method declaration.

METHODS

Declares methods in classes and interfaces.

Syntax

METHODS <meth> [FOR EVENT <evt> OF <cif>]
IMPORTING… [VALUE(]<i_i>[)] TYPE <t> [OPTIONAL]…
EXPORTING… [VALUE(]<e_i>[)] TYPE <t> [OPTIONAL]…
CHANGING … [VALUE(]<c_i>[)] TYPE <t> [OPTIONAL]…
RETURNING VALUE(<r>)
EXCEPTIONS       … <e_i>…
[ABSTRACT]
[FINAL]
[REDEFINITION].

You declare a method <met> in the definition part of a class or in the definition of an interface: The IMPORTING, EXPORTING, CHANGING, RETURNING, and EXCEPTIONS additions define the parameter interface and exceptions of the method. The ABSTRACT addition defines an abstract class, which cannot be implemented in the same class. The function of a non-abstract method must be implemented using METHOD. The FINAL addition prevents you from redefining the method in subclasses. The REDEFINITION addition redefines a method of a superclass. The FOR EVENT addition declares an event handler method for the <evt> event of a class or interface.

MODIFY for Database Tables

Inserts or changes lines in database tables.

Syntax

MODIFY <dbtab> FROM <wa>.

MODIFY <dbtab> FROM TABLE <itab>.

Works like INSERT for database tables, if there is not yet a line in the table with the same primary key. Works like UPDATE if a line already exists with the same primary key.

MODIFY for any Internal Table

Changes the content of lines in internal tables of any type.

Syntax

MODIFY TABLE <itab> FROM <wa> [TRANSPORTING <f₁> <f ₂>...]
[ASSIGNING <FS> | REFERENCE INTO <dref>].

Copies the work area <wa> into the line of the internal table with the same table key as <wa>. If you use ASSIGNING or INTO REFERENCE, field symbol <FS> refers to the modified line or the relevant data reference is stored in <dref> after the statement. You can use the TRANSPORTING addition to specify the exact components that you want to change.

MODIFY <itab> FROM <wa> TRANSPORTING <f₁> <f ₂>… WHERE <logexp>.

Copies the work area <wa> into the line of the internal table for which the logical expression is true. In each comparison of the logical expression, the first operand must be a component of the line structure.

MODIFY for Index Tables

Changes the content of lines in index tables.

Syntax

MODIFY <itab> FROM <wa> [INDEX <idx>] [TRANSPORTING <f₁> <f ₂>...]
[ASSIGNING <FS> | REFERENCE INTO <dref>].

Copies the work area <wa> into the line of the internal table with the index <idx>. If you omit the INDEX addition, you can only use the statement within a LOOP. In this case, you change the current loop line If you use ASSIGNING or INTO REFERENCE, field symbol <FS> refers to the modified line or the relevant data reference is stored in <dref> after the statement.

MODIFY for Lists

Changes a list line.

Syntax

MODIFY LINE <n> [INDEX <idx>] [OF CURRENT PAGE|OF PAGE <p>]
|CURRENT LINE
LINE FORMAT <option1> <option2>…
FIELD VALUE <f1> [FROM <g1>] <f2> [FROM <g2>]…
FIELD FORMAT <f1> <options1> <f2> <options2>.

Changes either line <n> on the current or specified list (or page), or the last line to be chosen. The exact nature of the change is specified in the additions

MODIFY SCREEN

Changes the SCREEN table.

Syntax

MODIFY SCREEN…

Like changing an internal table. The system table SCREEN contains the names and attributes of all of the fields on the current screen.

MODULE

Introduces a dialog module.

Syntax

MODULE <mod> OUTPUT |[INPUT].

Introduces the dialog module <mod>. The OUTPUT and INPUT additions designate the module as a PBO or PAI module respectively. Each dialog module ends with ENDMODULE.

MOVE

Assigns values.

Syntax

MOVE <f1> TO <f2>.

Assigns the contents of the data object <f1> to the variable <f2>, with automatic type conversion if necessary. Equivalent to <f2> = <f1>.

MOVE-CORRESPONDING

Assigns values between identically-named components of structures.

Syntax

MOVE-CORRESPONDING <struc1> TO <struc2>.

Moves the contents of the components of structure <struc1> to the components of <struc2> that have identical names.

MULTIPLY

Multiplies two single fields.

Syntax

MULTIPLY <n> BY <m>.

Multiplies the content of <n> by <m>, and stores the result in <n>. This is equivalent to: m=m*n.

MULTIPLY-CORRESPONDING

Multiplies components of structures.

Syntax

MULTIPLY-CORRESPONDING <struc1> BY <struc2>.

All the identically-named subfields of the structures <struc1> and <struc2> are multiplied and the results are stored these subfields of <struc1>.

N

NEW-LINE

Inserts a line break in a list.

Syntax

NEW-LINE [NO-SCROLLING|SCROLLING].

Positions the list display after the page header. The NO-SCROLLING addition prevents the new line from scrolling horizontally. SCROLLING resets the NO-SCROLLING addition.

NEW-PAGE

Inserts a page break in a list.

Syntax

NEW-PAGE [NO-TITLE|WITH-TITLE]
[NO-HEADING|WITH-HEADING]
[LINE-COUNT]
[LINE-SIZE]
[PRINT ON|OFF].

Generates a new page and positions the list output after the page header. The additions control how the page header is displayed, the length and width of the page, and the print output.

NODES

Declares an interface work area.

Syntax

NODES <node>.

Declares a variable with the same data type and the same name as a data type from the ABAP Dictionary. Structures in main programs and subroutines declared using NODES use a common data area. This statement is used in conjunction with logical databases.

Incoming search terms:

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GET

Event keyword for defining event blocks for reporting events.

Syntax

GET <node> [FIELDS <f₁> <f ₂>...].

Only occurs in executable programs. When the logical database has passed a line of the node <node> to the program, the runtime environment triggers the GET event, and the corresponding event block is executed. You can use the FIELDS option to specify explicitly the columns of a node that the logical database should read.

GET BIT

Reads an individual bit.

Syntax

GET BIT <n> OF <f> INTO <g>.

Reads the bit at position <n> of the hexadecimal field <f> into the field <b>.

GET CURSOR

Gets the cursor position on a screen or in an interactive list event.

Syntax

GET CURSOR FIELD <f> [OFFSET <off>] [LINE <lin>]
[VALUE <val>] [LENGTH <len>].

GET CURSOR LINE <lin> [OFFSET <off>] [VALUE <val>] [LENGTH <len>].

At a user action on a list or screen, the statement writes the position, value, and displayed length of a field or line into the corresponding variables.

GET DATASET

Syntax

GET DATASET <dsn> [POSITIONS <pos>]
[ATTRIBUTE <attr>].

Gets the attributes of a file opened using OPEN DATASET. The POSITIONS additions writes the current read/write position to the field <pos>. The ATTRIBUTE addition writes the attributes to a structure, <attr>, of the type DSET_ATTRIBUTES.

GET LOCALE LANGUAGE

Gets the current text environment.

Syntax

GET LOCALE LANGUAGE <lg> COUNTY <c> MODIFIER <m>.

Returns the current language, country ID and any modifier into the corresponding variables

GET PARAMETER

Gets an SPA/GPA parameters

Syntax

GET PARAMETER ID <pid> FIELD <f>.

Writes the value of the SPA/GPA parameter <pid> from the user-specific SAP memory into the variable <f>.

GET PF-STATUS

Gets the current GUI status.

Syntax

GET PF-STATUS <f> [PROGRAM <prog>] [EXCLUDING <itab>].

Returns the name of the current GUI status (the same as SY-PFKEY) into the variable <f>. The PROGRAM addition writes the name of the ABAP program to which the status belongs into the variable <prog>. The EXCLUDING addition returns a list of all currently inactive function codes into the internal table <itab>.

GET PROPERTY

Gets a property of an OLE2 Automation object.

Syntax

GET PROPERTY OF <obj> <p> = <f>.

Writes the property <p> of an external OLE2 Automation object to the variable <f>.

GET REFERENCE

Gets a data reference.

Syntax

GET REFERENCE OF <obj> INTO <dref>.

Writes a data reference to an existing data object <obj> to the data reference variable <dref>.

GET RUN TIME FIELD

Measures the runtime in microseconds.

Syntax

GET RUN TIME FIELD <f>.

The first time the statement is executed, the variable <f> is set to zero. In each subsequent call, the runtime since the first call is written to <f>.

GET TIME

Synchronizes the time.

Syntax

GET TIME [FIELD <f>].

Refreshes the system fields SY-UZEIT, SY-DATUM, SY-TIMLO, SY-DATLO, and SY-ZONLO. The FIELD addition fills the variable <f> with the current time.

GET TIME STAMP FIELD

Returns a time stamp.

Syntax

GET TIME STAMP FIELD <f>.

Returns the short or long form of the current date and time, depending on whether the variable <f> has the type P(8) or P(11). The long form returns the time correct to seven decimal places.

H

HIDE

Stores information about list lines.

Syntax

HIDE <f>.

While the list is being created, this statement stores the contents of the field <f> and the current line number in the internal HIDE area When the cursor is positioned on a line in an interactive list event, the stored value is returned to the field <f>.

I

IF

Conditional branch.

Introduces a new branch.

Syntax

IF <logexp>.

Opens an IF control structure that ends with an ENDIF statement. The system evaluates the logical expression <logexp>, and processes different statement blocks depending on the result.

IMPORT

Imports data clusters.

Syntax

IMPORT… <f_i> [TO <g _i>]… | (<itab>)
FROM  MEMORY
| DATABASE <dbtab>(<ar>) ID(<key>)
| SHARED BUFFER <dbtab>(<ar>) ID(<key>).

The data objects <f_i> or <g _i>, or the data objects in the internal table <itab> are read from data clusters, either in the cross-program ABAP memory of the current internal session; in a cluster database table <dbtab>; or in the cross-transaction application buffer of the table <dbtab> and written to the variables <f _i> and <g _i>.

IMPORT DIRECTORY

Creates the directory of a data cluster from a cluster database.

Syntax

IMPORT DIRECTORY INTO <itab>
FROM DATABASE <dbtab>(<ar>)
Id <key>.

Writes a directory of the data objects belonging to a data cluster in the cluster database <dbtab> to the internal table <dirtab>.

In the third variant, the table <itab> contains a directory of the objects stored using EXPORT TO DATABASE.

INCLUDE

Inserts an include program in another program.

Syntax

INCLUDE <incl>.

Has the same effect as copying the source code of the include program <incl> into the program. Include programs are not loaded at runtime, but are expanded when the program is generated. Include programs must have the program type I.

INCLUDE TYPE|STRUCTURE

Includes a structure within another.

Syntax

INCLUDE TYPE <t>|STRUCTURE <s> [AS <name> [RENAMING WITH SUFFIX <suffix>]].

Within a structure declared using TYPES|DATA BEGIN OF, copies a structured datatype <t>, or a structure <s> already available as a data object, as part of the structure declaration. The AS addition lets you address the individual components using the name <name>. The RENAMING addition lets you append a suffix, <suffix>, to <name>, so that you can copy the same structure several times.

INITIALIZATION

Event keywords for defining event blocks for reporting events.

Syntax

INITIALIZATION.

Only occurs in executable programs. The ABAP runtime environment triggers the INITIALIZATION event before the selection screen is processed, at which point the corresponding event block is processed.

INSERT for Database Tables

Inserts entries from database tables.

Syntax

INSERT <dbtab> FROM <wa>.

INSERT <dbtab> FROM TABLE <itab> [ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS].

Inserts one line from the work area <wa> or several lines from the internal table <itab> into the database table <dbtab>. The ACCEPTING DUPLICATE KEYS addition prevents a runtime error from occurring if two entries have the same primary key. Instead, it merely discards the duplicate

INSERT for Field Groups

Defines the structure of field groups for extract datasets.

Syntax

INSERT <f₁>… <f _n> INTO <fg>.

Includes the fields <f_i> in the field group <fg>, thus defining a line structure for an extract dataset.

INSERT for any Internal Table

Inserts lines from internal tables of any type.

Syntax

INSERT <line>|LINES OF <jtab> [FROM <n₁>] [TO <n ₂>]
INTO TABLE <itab>
[ASSIGNING <FS> | REFERENCE INTO <dref>].

Inserts a line <line> or a set of lines from the internal table <jtab> into the internal table <itab>. If <jtab> is an index table, you can use the FROM and TO additions to restrict the lines inserted. If you use ASSIGNING or INTO REFERENCE, field symbol <FS> refers to the inserted line or the relevant data reference is stored in <dref> after the statement.

INSERT for Index Tables

Inserts entries in index tables.

Syntax

INSERT <line>|LINES OF <jtab> [FROM <n₁>] [TO <n ₂>]
INTO <itab> [INDEX <idx>]
[ASSIGNING <FS> | REFERENCE INTO <dref>].

Inserts a line <line> or a set of lines from the internal table <jtab> into the internal table <itab>before the line with the index <idx>. If <jtab> is an index table, you can use the FROM and TO additions to restrict the lines inserted. If you omit the INDEX addition, you can only use the statement within a LOOP. A new line containing values is inserted before the current line. If you use ASSIGNING or INTO REFERENCE, field symbol <FS> refers to the inserted line or the relevant data reference is stored in <dref> after the statement.

INSERT for Programs

Inserts ABAP programs into the program library.

Syntax

INSERT REPORT <prog> FROM <itab>.

The lines of the internal table <itab> are added to the program library as the program <prog>.

INTERFACE

Declares a interface in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

INTERFACE <ifac> [DEFERRED]
[LOAD].

Introduces an interface <interface>. The definition ends with ENDINTERFACE and contains the declaration of all the components of the interface. The DEFERRED addition makes the interface known to the program before it is defined. The LOAD addition loads an interface explicitly from the Class Library.

INTERFACES

Implementation or nesting of an interface in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

INTERFACES <ifac>
[ABSTRACT|FINAL METHODS <meth₁> <meth ₂> | ALL METHODS ABSTRACT|FINAL ]
[DATA VALUES <attr₁> = <val ₁> <attr ₂> = <val ₂> ...]

.

Used in a class declaration: This statement adds the components of the interface to the existing class definition. Used in an interface definition: Forms a compound interface. Use the additions to characterize methods in interfaces as abstract or final. Their attributes can be filled with initial values.

Incoming search terms:

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DATA with Reference to Known Data Types

Declares variables with a previously-declared data type

Syntax

DATA <f>… [TYPE <type>|LIKE <obj>]… [VALUE <val>].

Declares a variable <f> with the fully-defined data type <type> or the same data type as another data object <obj>. The data type <type> can be D, F, I, T, a type defined locally in the program using the TYPES statement, or a type from the ABAP Dictionary. The data object <obj> is a data object or line of an internal table that has already been defined. The VALUE addition specifies a starting value.

DATA with Reference to Generic Data Types

Declares variables by completing the description of a generic type

Syntax

DATA <f>[(<length>)] TYPE <type> [DECIMALS <d>]… [VALUE <val>].

DATA <f> TYPE <itab>.

The data type <type> can be C, N, P, X, STRING or XSTRING. The <length> option sets the field length. If you omit it, the field length is set to the appropriate initial value. If <type> is P, you can specify the number of decimal places using the DECIMALS <d> addition. If you omit this, the number of decimal places is set to 0. If you do not use the TYPE addition, the system uses the default predefined generic type C.

Syntax

DATA <f> TYPE <itab>.

The data type <itab> is a standard internal table with generic key. The default key is automatically used in the DATA statement.

DATA, Creating an Associated Data Type

Declares variables with data types that only exist as an attribute of the variable.

Syntax

DATA <f> TYPE REF TO <class>|<interface>.

The variable <f> is defined as an object reference variable for the class <class> or interface <interface>.

Syntax

DATA <f> TYPE REF TO DATA|<type>.

Declares the variable <f> as a data reference variable for a data object.

Syntax

DATA: BEGIN OF <structure>,
…
<f_i>…,
…
END OF <structure>.

Combines the variables <f_i> to form the structure <structure>. The individual variables within a structure are addressed in the program with a hyphen between the structure name and component name as follows: <structure>-<f _i>.

Syntax

DATA <f> TYPE|LIKE <tabkind> OF <linetype> WITH <key>.

The variable <f> is declared as an internal table with the table kind <tabkind>, line type <linetype>, and key <key>.

Syntax

DATA <f> TYPE|LIKE RANGE OF <type>|<obj>.

Declares the variable <f> as a RANGES table. A RANGES table has the same data type as a selection table, but is not linked to input fields on a selection screen.

DATA statement for Shared Data Areas

Declares shared data areas in a program.

Syntax

DATA: BEGIN OF COMMON PART <c>,
<f _i>. ..
END OF COMMON PART.

The variables <f_i> are assigned to a data area <c>, which can be defined in more than one program. These data areas use the same memory addresses for all programs that are loaded into the same internal session.

DEFINE

Defines a macro.

Syntax

DEFINE <macro>.

Introduces the definition of the macro <macro>. Each macro must consist of complete ABAP statement and be concluded with the END-OF-DEFINITION statement.

DELETE for Files

Deletes files on the application server

Syntax

DELETE DATASET <dsn>.

Deletes the file <dsn> from the file system of the application server.

DELETE for Database Table Entries

Deletes entries from database tables.

Syntax

DELETE FROM <dbtab> WHERE <cond>.

All of the lines in the database table that satisfy the conditions in the WHERE clause are deleted.

Syntax

DELETE <dbtab> FROM <wa>.

DELETE <dbtab> FROM TABLE <itab>.

This deletes the line that has the same primary key as the work area <wa>, or deletes all the lines in the database that have the same primary key as a line in the internal table <itab>. The work area <wa> or the lines of the internal table <itab> must have at least the same length as the work area of the database table.

DELETE for Cluster Databases

Deletes data clusters from cluster database tables.

Syntax

DELETE FROM DATABASE <dbtab>(<ar>) ID <key>.

Deletes the entire cluster in area <ar> with the name <key> from the cluster database table <dbtab>.

DELETE for the Cross-Transaction Application Buffer

Deletes data clusters from the cross-transaction application buffer.

Syntax

DELETE FROM SHARED BUFFER <dbtab>(<ar>) ID <key>.

Deletes the data cluster for the area <ar> with the name <key> stored in the cross-transaction application buffer for the table <dbtab>.

DELETE for Lines from an Internal Table

Deletes lines from internal tables of any type.

Syntax

DELETE TABLE <itab> FROM <wa>.

DELETE TABLE <itab> WITH TABLE KEY <k₁> = <f ₁>… <k _n> = <f _n>.

Deletes using the table key. All lines with the same key are deleted. The key values are taken either from a compatible work area <wa> or specified explicitly.

Syntax

DELETE <itab> WHERE <cond>.

Deletes using conditions. Deletes all table entries that satisfy the logical expression <cond>. The logical condition can consist of more than one comparison. In each comparison, the first operand must be a component of the line structure.

Syntax

DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATE ENTRIES FROM <itab> [COMPARING... ].

Deletes adjacent duplicate entries, either by comparing the key fields or the comparison fields specified explicitly in the COMPARING addition.

DELETE for Lines from Index Tables

Deletes entries from index tables.

Syntax

DELETE <itab> [INDEX <idx>].

If you use the INDEX addition, the line with index <idx> is deleted from the table <itab>. Without the INDEX addition, you can only use the above statement within a LOOP. In this case, you delete the current line.

Syntax

DELETE <itab> [FROM <n₁>] [TO <n ₂>] [WHERE <cond>].

The system deletes all of the lines of <itab> whose index lies between <n ₁ > and <n ₂ > and who meet the conditions specified in the WHERE clause. If you do not specify a FROM addition, the system deletes lines from the first line onwards. If you do not specify a TO addition, the system deletes lines up to the last line. The logical condition can consist of more than one comparison. In each comparison, the first operand must be a component of the line structure.

DEMAND

Retrieves values from a context instance.

Syntax

DEMAND <val₁> = <f ₁>… <val _n> = <f _n> FROM CONTEXT <inst>
[MESSAGES INTO <itab>].

Fills the fields <f_n> with the values <val _n> from the context instance <inst>. You can handle these messages in your programs by using the MESSAGES addition.

DESCRIBE DISTANCE

Gets the distance between two fields.

Syntax

DESCRIBE DISTANCE BETWEEN <f1> AND <f2> INTO <f3> [IN BYTE|CHARACTER MODE].

Writes the number of bytes between data objects <_f1> and <f ₂> into the variable <d>. The length of the first field in memory is always included. In Unicode programs, you must specify either the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE addition. In non-Unicode programs, the distance is returned in bytes.

DESCRIBE FIELD

Describes the attributes of a field.

Syntax

DESCRIBE FIELD <f> [LENGTH <l> [IN BYTE|CHARACTER MODE]]
[TYPE <t> [COMPONENTS <n>]]
[OUTPUT-LENGTH <o>] [DECIMALS <d>]
[EDIT MASK <m>] [HELP-ID <h>].

The attributes of the data object <f> specified by the parameters of the statement are written to the variables following the parameters. You can use any number of the additions in the same statement. In Unicode programs, you must specify either the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE addition for LENGTH. In non-Unicode programs, the length is returned in bytes.

DESCRIBE LIST

Describes the attributes of a list.

Syntax

DESCRIBE LIST NUMBER OF LINES <lin> [INDEX <idx>].

DESCRIBE LIST NUMBER OF PAGES <n> [INDEX <idx>].

DESCRIBE LIST LINE <lin> PAGE <pag> [INDEX <idx>].

DESCRIBE LIST PAGE <pag> [INDEX <idx>]…

Depending on the variant of the statement that you use, writes the number of lines, number of pages, a line of a list on a given page, or various attributes of a page to variables.

DESCRIBE TABLE

Describes the attributes of an internal table.

Syntax

DESCRIBE TABLE [LINES <l>] [OCCURS<n>] [KIND <k>].

Depending on the additions you use, writes the number of lines occupied, the value specified for the INITIAL SIZE of the table, or the table type into a corresponding variable.

DIVIDE

Divides one field by another.

Syntax

DIVIDE <n> BY <m>.

Divides the content of <n> by <m>, and places the result in <n>. This is equivalent to: n=n/m.

DIVIDE-CORRESPONDING

Divides matching components of structures.

Syntax

DIVIDE-CORRESPONDING <struc1> BY <struc2>.

All the identically-named subfields of the structures <struc1> and <struc2> are divided and the results are stored these subfields of <struc1>.

DO

Introduces a loop.

Syntax

DO [<n> TIMES] [VARYING <f> FROM <f1> NEXT <f2>].

Introduces a statement block that ends with ENDDO. If you omit the TIMES addition, the statement block is repeated until it reaches a termination statement such as EXIT or CHECK. Use the TIMES addition to restrict the number of loop passes to <n>. The VARYING addition allows you to process fields the same distance apart in memory.

E

EDITOR-CALL

Loads an ABAP program or internal table into a text editor.

Syntax

EDITOR-CALL FOR <itab>…

EDITOR-CALL FOR REPORT <prog>…

Loads the internal table <itab> or the program <prog> into a text editor, where you can edit it using standard editor functions.

ELSE

Introduces a statement block in an IF control structure.

Syntax

ELSE.

If the logical expression in an IF statement is false, ELSE introduces the statement block to be executed instead.

ELSEIF

Introduces a statement block in an IF control structure.

Syntax

ELSEIF <logexp>.

If the logical expression in an IF statement is false and <logexp> is true, ELSE introduces the statement block to be executed instead.

END-OF-DEFINITION

Closes a macro definition.

Syntax

END-OF-DEFINITION.

This statement concludes a macro definition introduced with DEFINITION.

END-OF-PAGE

Event keywords for defining event blocks for list events.

Syntax

END-OF-PAGE.

Whenever the page footer is reached while a list is being created, the runtime environment triggers the END-OF-PAGE event, and the corresponding event block is executed.

END-OF-SELECTION

Event keywords for defining event blocks for reporting events.

Syntax

END-OF-SELECTION.

Once a logical database has read all of the required lines and passed them to the executable program, the runtime environment triggers the END-OF-SELECTION event, and the corresponding event block is executed.

ENDAT

Closes a statement block in control level processing.

Syntax

ENDAT.

This statement concludes a control level processing block introduced with AT.

ENDCASE

Closes a CASE control structure.

Syntax

ENDCASE.

This statement concludes a control structure introduced with CASE.

ENDCATCH

Closes a CATCH area.

Syntax

ENDCATCH.

This statement concludes an exception handling block introduced with CATCH SYSTEM-EXCEPTIONS.

ENDCLASS

Closes a class definition.

Syntax

ENDCLASS.

This statement concludes a class declaration or implementation introduced with CLASS.

ENDDO

Closes a DO loop.

Syntax

ENDDO.

This statement concludes a loop introduced with DO.

ENDEXEC

Closes a Native SQL statement.

Syntax

ENDEXEC.

This statement ends a Native SQL statement introduced with EXEC SQL.

ENDFORM

Closes a subroutine.

Syntax

ENDFORM.

This statement concludes a subroutine definition introduced with FORM.

ENDFUNCTION

Closes a function module.

Syntax

ENDFUNCTION.

This statement concludes a function module introduced with FUNCTION.

ENDIF

Closes an IF control structure.

Syntax

ENDIF.

This statement concludes a control structure introduced with IF.

ENDINTERFACE

Closes a interface definition.

Syntax

ENDINTERFACE.

This statement concludes an interface definition introduced with INTERFACE.

ENDLOOP

Closes a LOOP.

Syntax

ENDLOOP.

This statement concludes a loop introduced with LOOP.

ENDMETHOD

Closes a method.

Syntax

ENDMETHOD.

This statement concludes a method implementation introduced with METHOD.

ENDMODULE

Closes a dialog module.

Syntax

ENDMODULE.

This statement concludes a dialog module introduced with MODULE.

ENDON

Closes a conditional statement block.

Syntax

ENDON.

This statement ends a conditional statement block introduced with ON CHANGE.

ENDPROVIDE

Closes a PROVIDE loop.

Syntax

ENDPROVIDE.

This statement concludes a loop introduced with PROVIDE.

ENDSELECT

Closes a SELECT loop.

Syntax

ENDSELECT.

This statement concludes a loop introduced with SELECT.

ENDTRY

Closes a TRY area.

Syntax

ENDTRY.

This statement concludes a control structure introduced with TRY.

ENDWHILE

Closes a WHILE loop.

Syntax

ENDWHILE.

This statement concludes a loop introduced with WHILE.

EVENTS

Defines events in classes or interfaces.

Syntax

EVENTS <evt> EXPORTING.. VALUE(<e_i>) TYPE type [OPTIONAL]…

The event <evt> can be declared in the declaration part of a class or within an interface definition, and may have EXPORTING parameters that are passed to the event handler. The parameters are always passed by value.

EXEC SQL

Introduces a Native SQL statement.

Syntax

EXEC SQL [PERFORMING <form>].

Between EXEC SQL and the ENDEXEC statement, you can include a database-specific Native SQL statement. The PERFORMING addition allows you to pass a multiple-line selection line by line to a subroutine.

EXIT

Leaves a loop or processing block.

Syntax

EXIT.

Within a loop: The entire loop is terminated, and processing continues with the first statement following the loop. Outside a loop: Terminates the current processing block. In a reporting event: Jumps directly to the output list.

EXIT FROM STEP-LOOP

Ends a step loop.

Syntax

EXIT FROM STEP-LOOP.

Terminates step loop processing. A step loop is ais a way of displaying a table on a screen.

EXIT FROM SQL

Ends Native SQL processing.

Syntax

EXIT FROM SQL.

This statement may occur within a subroutine called using the PERFORMING addition in the EXEC SQL statement. The entire subroutine is processed, but no more subsequent lines of the selection are processed.

EXPORT

Exports data clusters.

Syntax

EXPORT… <f_i> [FROM <g _i>]… | (<itab>)
TO  MEMORY
| DATABASE <dbtab>(<ar>) ID(<key>)
| SHARED BUFFER <dbtab>(<ar>) ID(<key>).

The data objects <f_i> or <g _i>, or the data objects in the internal table <itab> are stored as a data cluster in the cross-program ABAP memory of the current internal session, in a cluster database table <dbtab>, or in the cross-transaction application buffer of the table <dbtab>.

EXTRACT

Creates an extract dataset and adds lines to it.

Syntax

EXTRACT <fg>.

With the first EXTRACT statement of a program, the system creates the extract dataset and adds the first extract record. In each subsequent EXTRACT statement, the new extract record is added to the dataset. Each extract record contains exactly those fields that are contained in the field group <fg>, plus the fields of the field group HEADER (if one exists).

F

FETCH

Uses a cursor to read entries from a database table.

Syntax

FETCH NEXT CURSOR <c> INTO <target>.

If the cursor <c> is linked with a selection in a database table, FETCH writes the next line of the selection into the flat target area <target>.

FIELD-GROUPS

Declares a field group for an extract dataset.

Syntax

FIELD-GROUPS <fg>.

This statement defines a field group <fg>. Field groups define the line structure of an extract dataset. You can also define a special field group called HEADER: When filling the extract dataset, the system automatically prefixes any other field groups with this field group.

FIELD-SYMBOLS

Declares field symbols.

Syntax

FIELD-SYMBOLS <FS> [<type>|STRUCTURE <s> DEFAULT <wa>].

Field symbols are placeholders or symbolic names for other fields. Pointed brackets are part of the syntax for field symbol names. The <type> addition allows you to specify the type of a field symbol. The STRUCTURE addition forces a structured view of the data objects that you assign to the field symbol.

FIND

Searches for patterns.

Syntax

FIND <p> IN [SECTION OFFSET <off> LENGTH <len> OF] <text>
[IGNORING CASE|RESPECTING CASE]
[IN BYTE MODE|IN CHARACTER MODE]
[MATCH OFFSET <o>] [MATCH LENGTH <l>].

The system searches the field <text> for the pattern <p>. The SECTION OFFSET <off> LENGTH <len> OF addition tells the system to search only from the <off> position in the length <len>. IGNORING CASE or RESPECTING CASE (default) specifies whether the search is to be case-sensitive. In Unicode programs, you must specify whether the statement is a character or byte operation, using the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE (default) additions. The MATCH OFFSET and MATCH LENGTH additions set the offset of the first occurrence and length of the search string in the fields <p> and <l>.

FORM

Defines a subroutine.

Syntax

FORM <subr> [USING   ... [VALUE(]<p_i>[)] [TYPE <t>|LIKE <f>]… ]
[CHANGING... [VALUE(]<p_i>[)] [TYPE <t>|LIKE <f>]… ].

Introduces a subroutine <form>. The USING and CHANGING additions define the subroutine’s parameter interface. The subroutine end with ENDFORM.

FORMAT

Sets formatting options for list output.

Syntax

FORMAT… <option_i> [ON|OFF]…

The formatting options <option _i > (such as color) set in the FORMAT statement, apply to all subsequent output until they are turned off using the OFF option.

FREE

Release space in memory.

Syntax

FREE <itab>.

FREE MEMORY ID(<key>).

FREE OBJECT <obj>.

This statement deletes an internal table, a data cluster in ABAP memory, or an external object in OLE2 Automation, depending on the variant of the statement used.

FUNCTION

Defines a function module.

Syntax

FUNCTION <func>.

Introduces the function module <func>. This statement is not entered in the ABAP Editor, but is automatically generated by the Function Builder in the ABAP Workbench. The function module definition ends with the ENDFUNCTION statement

FUNCTION-POOL

Introduces a function group.

Syntax

FUNCTION-POOL.

The first statement in a function group. This statement is not entered in the ABAP Editor, but is automatically generated by the Function Builder in the ABAP Workbench. A function group is an ABAP program that contains function modules.

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ADD for single fields

Adds two single fields.

Syntax

ADD <n> TO <m>.

The contents of <n> are added to the contents of <m> and the results are stored in <m>. This is equivalent to: <m> = <m> + <n>.

ADD for field sequences

Adds sequences of fields in storage.

Syntax

ADD <n1> THEN <n2> UNTIL <nz> GIVING <m>.

ADD <n1> THEN <n2> UNTIL <nz> ACCORDING TO <sel> GIVING <m>.

ADD <n1> THEN <n2> UNTIL <nz> TO <m>.

ADD <n1> FROM <m1> TO <mz> GIVING <m>.

If <n1>, <n2>,…, <nz> is a sequence of fields with the same distance to one another and if they have the same type and length, these fields are added and the result is stored in <m>. Different variants allow you to limit fields to a subsequence, to include <m> in the sum, and to perform the operation on a sequence of fields that directly follow one another.

ADD-CORRESPONDING

Adds subfields of structures.

Syntax

ADD-CORRESPONDING <struc1> TO <struc2>.

All the subfields of the structures <struc1> and <struc2> having the same name are added and the results are stored in <struc2>.

ALIASES

Defines class-specific alias names for an interface component in ABAP objects.

Syntax

ALIASES <alias> FOR <intf~comp>.

<alias> is defined within a class or interface as synonymous with the interface component <intf~comp>.

APPEND

Appends a line or multiple lines to the end of an index table.

Syntax

APPEND <line>|LINES OF <jtab> TO <itab>
[ASSIGNING <FS> | REFERENCE INTO <dref>].

A line <line> or multiple lines of an internal table <jtab> are appended to index table <itab>. If you use ASSIGNING or INTO REFERENCE, field symbol <FS> refers to the appended line or the relevant data reference is stored in <dref> after the statement.

ASSIGN

Assigns a field to a field symbol.

Syntax

ASSIGN <f> [INCREMENT <n>] TO <FS>
[CASTING [TYPE <t>|LIKE <f>] [DECIMALS <d>]] [RANGE <r>].

Data object <f> is assigned to field symbol <FS>. <FS> now points to the data object. After the addition INCREMENT <n>, the storage area that is offset <n> times by a length of <f> starting with <f> is assigned to the field symbol. Pointed brackets are part of the syntax for field symbol names. The CASTING addition permits you to cast data objects when assigning field symbols. The RANGE addition defines the storage area in which either offset/length accesses or the INCREMENT addition are allowed. In Unicode programs, standard access is only allowed within the field limits of <f>, but this can be extended with RANGE. In non-Unicode programs, standard access is possible up to the boundary of the data segment and can be limited with RANGE.

Syntax

ASSIGN <dref>->* TO <FS> [CASTING ... ].

Dereferencing of the data reference in <dref>. The data object to which the data reference refers is assigned to field symbol <FS>.

AT for event blocks

Event keywords for defining event blocks for screen events.

Syntax

AT SELECTION-SCREEN…

AT LINE-SELECTION.

AT USER-COMMAND.

AT PFn.

User actions on a selection screen or on a list trigger certain events in the ABAP runtime environment. The event keywords define event blocks that are called when events occur.

AT for group change

Change of group when processing loops of extracts and internal tables.

Syntax

AT NEW <f>.

AT END OF <f>.

AT FIRST.

AT LAST.

AT <fg>.

The statements are used to process group levels within a loop using an extract dataset or an internal table. They introduce statement blocks that must be closed with ENDAT. The statements between AT and ENDAT are only executed if the corresponding group change occurred.

AUTHORITY-CHECK

Checks user authorization.

Syntax

AUTHORITY-CHECK OBJECT <object> ID <name1> FIELD <f1>
ID <name2> FIELD <f2>
…

ID <name10> FIELD <f10>.

There is a check if the program user has all the authorizations defined in authorization object <object>. <name1>,…, <name10> are the authorization fields of the authorization object. <f1>,… <f1>, …, <f10> are data objects of the program. The value of the data objects is checked against the authorization fields.

B

BACK

Relative position of the output in a list.

Syntax

BACK.

Positions the list output either in the first column of the first line following the page header of the current page or in connection with RESERVE in the first column of the first line of a line block.

BREAK-POINT

Calls the Debugger.

Syntax

BREAK-POINT.

Interrupts execution of the program and goes to debugging mode. Is used as a test help. Normal program processing is interrupted when this statement is reached and the system goes to a debugger.

C

CALL CUSTOMER-FUNCTION

Calls the customer function modules.

Syntax

CALL CUSTOMER-FUNCTION <func>…

Similar to CALL FUNCTION. The function modules must be programmed and activated within the customer’s modification concept.

CALL FUNCTION

Calls the function modules.

Syntax

CALL FUNCTION <func> [EXPORTING ... f_i = a _i... ]
[IMPORTING ... f_i = a _i... ]
[CHANGING  ... f_i = a _i... ]
[TABLES    ... f_i = a _i... ]
[EXCEPTIONS... e_i = r _i... ]
[DESTINATION <dest>]
[IN UPDATE TASK]
[STARTING NEW TASK]
[IN BACKGOUND TASK].

The program calls either a function module in the same R/3 System, or one from an external system, depending on the variant of the statement you use. You can call update modules when processing transactions. You can also call functions asynchronously. The other additions are used to specify actual parameters for the parameter interface for the function module, <func>, and to handle exceptions.

CALL DIALOG

Calls a dialog module.

Syntax

CALL DIALOG <dialog> [AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN]
[EXPORTING... f_i = a _i... ]
[IMPORTING... f_i = a _i... ]
[USING itab].

Calls the dialog module <dial>. A dialog module is an ABAP program with a sequence of screens. It does not have to be started using a transaction code, or run in the same SAP LUW, like the calling program. The additions are used to skip the initial screen in the sequence and specify actual parameters for the parameter interface of the dialog module.

CALL METHOD

Calls a method in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

CALL METHOD <meth> [EXPORTING ... <i_i> =.<f _i>... ]
[IMPORTING ... <e_i> =.<g _i>... ]
[CHANGING  ... <c_i> =.<f _i>... ]
[RECEIVING r = h ]
[EXCEPTIONS... <e_i> = r _i...     ]
[PARAMETER-TABLE <ptab>]
[EXCEPTION-TABLE <etab>].

[CALL METHOD]<meth>( … ).

Calls a method <meth>. The additions are used to specify actual parameters for the parameter interface for the function module and to handle exceptions. The last two additions pass parameters dynamically in a dynamic method call. Alternatively, if the method is called statically, the parameters can be specified using parenthesis notation (as you can when specifying parameters in a CALL METHOD statement). You can also use functional methods with this syntax in operand positions.

CALL METHOD OF

Calls a method in OLE2 Automation.

Syntax

CALL METHOD OF <obj> <m>.

Calls the method, <m>, of the OLE2 Automation Object, <obj>.

CALL SCREEN

Calls a screen sequence.

Syntax

CALL SCREEN <scr>
[STARTING AT <X1> <Y1>]
[ENDING AT <X2> <Y2>].

Calls the sequence of screens that begins with the screen <scr>. All the screens in the screen sequence belong to the current ABAP program. The screen sequence ends when the program reaches the screen numbered 0. The additions let you call a single screen in a new window.

CALL SELECTION-SCREEN

Calls a selection screen.

Syntax

CALL SELECTION-SCREEN <scr>
[STARTING AT <x₁> <y ₁>]
[ENDING AT <x₂> <y ₂>].

Calls a selection screen defined in an ABAP program. The selection screen is processed in the program in the AT SELECTION-SCREEN event. The additions let you call a selection screen in a new window.

CALL TRANSACTION

Call a transaction.

Syntax

CALL TRANSACTION <tcod>
[AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN]
[USING <itab>].

Calls the transaction <tcod> after having received data from the calling program. At the end of the transaction that has been called, the system returns to the statement following the call in the calling report. The additions are used to skip the initial screen in the sequence or to pass a batch input table to the transaction.

CASE

Conditional branch.

Syntax

CASE <f>.

Opens a CASE control structure that ends with an ENDCASE statement. The CASE control structure allows you to control which statement blocks (introduced by WHEN) are processed, based on the contents of a data object.

CATCH

Catches a class-based exception.

CATCH <cx1> … <cxn> [INTO <ref>].

You can only use this statement in a TRY-ENDTRY block, where you define a handler for one or more class-based exceptions. You can use INTO to place a reference to the exception object into the reference variable <ref>.

CATCH SYSTEM-EXCEPTIONS

Catches a catchable runtime error.

Syntax

CATCH SYSTEM-EXCEPTIONS <except₁> = <rc ₁>… <except _n> = <rc _n>.

Introduces a CATCH area, which ends with an ENDCATCH statement. If a catchable runtime error <except_i>, occurs between CATCH and ENDCATCH, the current processing block is interrupted. The system jumps to the appropriate ENDCATCH statement and fills SY-SUBRC with <rc _i>.

CHECK

Conditionally leaves a loop or processing block.

Syntax

CHECK <logexp>.

If the logical expression <logexp> is true, the system continues with the next statement. If it is false, processing within the loop is interrupted at the current loop pass, and the next loop pass is performed. Otherwise the system leaves the current processing block. In conjunction with selection tables, and inside GET events, you can use an extra variant of the CHECK statement.

CLASS Declaration

Declares a class in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

CLASS <class> DEFINITION [PUBLIC]
[INHERITING FROM <superclass>]
[ABSTRACT]
[FINAL]
[CREATE PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE]
[FRIENDS <cif₁> <cif ₂> ...]
[DEFERRED]
[LOAD].

Introduces the declaration part of a class, <class>. The declaration part ends with ENDCLASS and contains the declaration of all the components of the class. The PUBLIC addition is generated only by the Class Builder. It defines a global class in the Class Library. The INHERITING FROM addition lets you derive the class, <class>, from a superclass, <superclass>. The ABSTRACT addition defines an abstract class, which cannot be instantiated. The FINAL addition defines a class that cannot have any subclasses. The CREATE addition specifies who can instantiate the class. FRIENDS allows you to specify other classes or interfaces, <cif> that can access the private components of the class and instantiate objects of the class, independently of the CREATE addition. The DEFERRED addition makes the class known to the program before it is declared. The LOAD addition loads a class explicitly from the Class Library.

CLASS – Implementation

Implements a class in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

CLASS <class> IMPLEMENTATION.

Introduces the implementation part of a class, <class>. The implementation part ends with ENDCLASS and contains the implementation of all the components of the class.

CLASS-DATA

Declares static attributes of a class or interface.

Syntax

CLASS-DATA <a>…

Like DATA. However, the attribute <a> is declared as a static attribute. Static attributes are not instance-specific. Their content is shared by all instances.

CLASS-METHODS

Declares static methods of a class or interface.

Syntax

CLASS-METHODS <meth>…

Like METHODS, except that the method <meth> is declared as a static method. A static method can access static attributes and can only trigger static events.

CLASS-EVENTS

Declares static events of a class or interface.

Syntax

CLASS-EVENTS <evt>…

Like EVENTS, except that the event <evt> is declared as a static attribute. Static events are the only type of event that can be triggered in a static method.

CLEANUP

Tidies up after class-based exceptions.

CLEANUP.

Can only be used within a TRY-ENDTRY block, where it defines a control block. If a class-based exception is not caught with a CATCH statement, the system executes the statements between CLEANUP and ENDTRY, before passing the exception along the call hierarchy.

CLEAR

Sets a variable to its initial value.

Syntax

CLEAR <f>.

The variable <f>, which can have any data type, is set to an initial value appropriate to its type.

CLOSE DATASET

Closes a file.

Syntax

CLOSE DATASET <dsn>.

Closes a file opened with OPEN DATASET on the application server.

CLOSE CURSOR

Closes a database cursor.

Syntax

CLOSE CURSOR <c>.

Closes a cursor opened with OPEN CURSOR.

COLLECT

Aggregates lines and then adds them to an internal table.

Syntax

COLLECT <line> INTO <itab>
[ASSIGNING <FS> | REFERENCE INTO <dref>].

The system checks whether there is already a table entry that matches the key. If there is no corresponding entry already in the table, the COLLECT statement has the same effect as INSERT. If an entry with the same key already exists, the COLLECT statement does not append a new line, but adds the contents of the numeric fields in the work area <line> to the contents of the fields in the existing entry. If you use ASSIGNING or INTO REFERENCE, field symbol <FS> refers to the inserted line or the relevant data reference is stored in <dref> after the statement.

COMMIT

Closes a SAP LUW.

Syntax

COMMIT WORK [AND WAIT]

Writes all the database changes and releases all the database locks. Triggers updating. The AND WAIT addition forces the program to wait until the system has finished updating the database. Otherwise, updating is asynchronous.

COMMUNICATION

Enables two programs to communicate with each other.

Syntax

COMMUNICATION INIT DESTINATION <dest> ID <id> [additions].

COMMUNICATION ALLOCATE ID <id> [additions].

COMMUNICATION ACCEPT ID <id> [additions].

COMMUNICATION SEND ID <id> BUFFER <f> [additions].

COMMUNICATION RECEIVE ID <id> [additions].

COMMUNICATION DEALLOCATE ID <id> [additions].

The statement initializes, creates, and accepts communication between two programs; lets these two programs send and receive data; and then closes the connection.

COMPUTE

Performs numeric operations.

Syntax

COMPUTE <n> = <expression>.

The result of the mathematical operation specified in <expression> is assigned to the field <n>. The keyword COMPUTE is optional.

CONCATENATE

Concatenates (chains) several strings to a string.

Syntax

CONCATENATE <c1>… <cn> INTO <c> [ SEPARATED BY <s> ]
[IN BYTE MODE|IN CHARACTER MODE].

This statement concatenates the strings <c1> to <cn> and assigns the result to <c>. The addition SEPARATED BY <s> allows you to specify a character field <s> which is placed in its defined length between the individual fields. In Unicode programs, you must specify whether the statement is a character or byte operation, using the IN BYTE MODE or IN CHARACTER MODE (default) additions.

CONDENSE

Removes spaces from a string

Syntax

CONDENSE <c> [NO-GAPS].

This statement removes any leading blanks from the field <c> and replaces other sequences of blanks by exactly one blank. If the addition NO-GAPS is specified, all blanks are removed.

CONSTANTS

Declares constant data objects.

Syntax

CONSTANTS <c>… VALUE [<val> | IS INITIAL]…

The syntax is similar to DATA, except that the VALUE addition is required, and that internal tables and deep structures cannot be declared as constants The start value specified in the VALUE addition cannot be changed during the execution of the program.

CONTINUE

Ends a loop pass.

Syntax

CONTINUE.

Only possible within loops. This statement terminates the current loop pass and starts the next

CONTEXTS

Declares a context.

Syntax

CONTEXTS <c>.

Generates an implicit data type CONTEXT_<c>, which you can use to create context instances

CONTROLS

Defines a control.

Syntax

CONTROLS <ctrl> TYPE <ctrl_type>.

Defines an ABAP runtime object <ctrl>. This displays data in a particular format on a screen, depending on the type <ctrl_type> Currently, <ctrl_type> may be a table control or tabstrip control

CONVERT für Dates

Converts a data into an inverted date form.

Syntax

CONVERT DATE <d1> INTO INVERTED-DATE <d2>.

CONVERT INVERTED-DATE <d1> INTO DATE <d2>.

If <d1> and <d2> are date fields in the internal form YYYYMMDD, the nines complement of <d1> is placed in field <d2> and vice versa. In inverted date format, the most recent date has the smaller numerical value

CONVERT for Timestamps

Converts a timestamp into the correct date and time for the current time zone

Syntax

CONVERT TIME STAMP <tst> TIME ZONE <tz> INTO DATE <d> TIME <t>.

CONVERT DATE <d> TIME <t> INTO TIME STAMP <tst> TIME ZONE <tz>.

As long as <tst> has type P(8) or P(11) with 7 decimal placed, and <tz> has type C(6), the time stamp <tst> will be converted to the correct date <d> and time <t> for the time zone <tz>.

CONVERT for Text

Converts a text into a format that can be sorted alphabetically.

Syntax

CONVERT TEXT <text> INTO SORTABLE CODE <x>.

<text> must have type C and <x> must have type X. The string is then converted so that the relative order of the characters allows them to be sorted alphabetically in the current text environment

CREATE DATA

Creates a dynamic data object.

Syntax

CREATE DATA <dref> TYPE <type>|LIKE <obj>.

CREATE DATA <dref> TYPE LINE OF <itab>|LIKE LINE OF <itab>.

CREATE DATA <dref> TYPE REF TO DATA|<type>.

CREATE DATA <dref> TYPE TYPE|LIKE <tabkind> OF <linetype> WITH <key>.

If <dref> is a data reference variable, a data object of the specified type is created. The reference in <dref> points to this object. You can omit the TYPE declaration in fully-typed reference variables.

CREATE OBJECT in ABAP Objects

Instantiates an object in ABAP Objects.

Syntax

CREATE OBJECT <oref> [TYPE <class>] [EXPORTING ... <ii> =.<fi>... ].

<cref> must be a reference variable, defined with reference to a class. CREATE OBJECT then creates an object of that class, to which the reference in <cref> then points The reference in <dref> points to this object. If <oref> is a typed class reference variable with reference to a subclass of <class>, or if <oref> is an interface reference variable, whose interface is implemented in the class <class>, you can specify the class of the instantiated object explicitly in a TYPE addition, to establish the dynamic type of the reference variables. The EXPORTING addition specifies the non-optional IMPORTING parameters of the instance constructor of the class of the instantiated object.

CREATE OBJECT in OLE2 Automation

Instantiates an external object in OLE2 Automation.

Syntax

CREATE OBJECT <obj> <class>.

If <class> is a class assigned to an automation server, an initial object <obj> of this class is created

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Komponen Kernel and Administration Service adalah runtime di lingkungan ABAP untuk aplikasi yang berhubungan dengan hardware, system operasi dan data-independen.
ABAP runtime ditulis dengan C dan C++, tetapi ada beberapa bagian dalam tingkat rendah ditulis dalam ABAP sendiri.
Tugas dari Kernel and Administration Service adalah sebagai berikut :

• Running applications

Semua aplikasi ABAP berjalan pada prosesor perangkat lunak (mesin virtual) dalam komponen ini.

• User and process administration

NetWeaver AS ABAP adalah perangkat multi-user dan setiap user dapat menjalankan beberapa program ABAP independent. Singkatnya, ini adalah komponen yang bertanggung jawab untuk tugas-tugas yang biasanya dimiliki oleh sistem operasi.
User yang masuk ke NeWeave AS ABAP dapat menjalankan aplikasi yang ada. Dan dengan cara begini mereka tidak bersentuhan dengan system operasi yang sebenarnya. NetWeaver AS ABAP adalah satu-satunya pengguna dari sistem operasi utama. i host.

• Database Access

Setiap NetWeaver AS ABAP terhubung ke database sistem, yang terdiri dari database management system (DBMS) dan database itu sendiri. ABAP aplikasi yang tidak berkomunikasi secara langsung dengan database. Sebaliknya, mereka menggunakan administration services.

• Comunication

ABAP aplikasi dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik SAP Systems dan dan sistem eksternal lainnya.Hal ini memungkinkan untuk mengakses aplikasi dengan ABAP dari system diluar SAP menggunakan interface. Sevice ini dibutuhkan untuk komunikasi ke semua bagian dari kernel dan komponen administration services

Control and administration of NetWeaver AS ABAP
Komponen yang berisi program yang memungkinkan Anda untuk memonitor dan mengontrol AS NW ketika sedang berjalan, dan untuk merubah parameter runtime.

ABAP Workbench yang merupakan komponen kerja yang paling baku di lingkungan pengembangan aplikasi dalam bahasa ABAP. Dengan itu, anda dapat membuat, mengedit, testing, dan mengatur aplikasi program ini. Hal ini terintegrasi dalam NetWeaver AS ABAP, dan aplikasi ABAP lainnya, yang ditulis dalam bahasa ABAP sendiri.

Presentation Component

Adalah component yang bertanggung jawab atas interaksi antara ABAP aplikasi dengan user (input dan output) dan untuk interagsi komponen desktop seperti pengolah kata dan spreadsheet ke NW AS

Bagaimana memulai program ABAP ?

Lihat menu SAP berikut . ABAP berada dalam menu tools, ABAP WorkBench.

Untuk memulai menulis program ABAP adalah dengan menggunakan ABAP Editor, yaitu dengan tcode SE38

Kemudian tulislah nama program pada sel program.
Dalam membuat program, sebaiknya program yang dibuat menggunakan huruf Z didepan. Hal ini adalah untuk membedakan antara program standar dari SAP dengan program yang develop sendiri.
Setelah nama program ditulis, pastikan agar radio button subobjects adalah Source code.
Kemudian klik Create untuk ke ABAP Editor
Tetapi sebelum akan diminta keterangan tentang program yang akan dibuat, dengan tampilan seperti berikut :

Isilah dan klik Save, kemudian

Selanjutnya klik Local Object dan akan masuk ke ABAP Editor

Silahkan tulis
Write ‘Testing Balajar ABAP’.

Jangan lupa untuk memberi titik (.) disetiap baris syntax

Kemudian tekan F8 atau klik toolbarUntuk menjalankan

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